The autopsy is not dead: ongoing relevance of the autopsy

ABSTRACT Background Autopsy requests have been trending downward for a variety of factors. There are differences between pre- and postmortem diagnoses. Autopsies remain a tool for education, public health research, quality control, and closure for families. Objective We report two cases that illustrate the utility of autopsy for uncovering contributing factors in the death of these patients and highlight their ongoing importance. Design Clinical and autopsy investigation of two individuals and illustration of the importance of autopsy findings which, had they been diagnosed premortem, could have changed the outcome. Cases were evaluated using the Goldman criteria for discrepancies between premortem clinical diagnoses and postmortem autopsy findings. Results In the first case, the patient had been previously admitted due to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction months before the fatal event. The autopsy showed an undiagnosed clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. She expired due to a massive myocardial infarction secondary to neoplasm induced hypercoagulable state. The degree of pre-mortem/postmortem diagnostic discrepancy makes this a Goldman Class I error. In the second case, the patient presented to the emergency department with symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), for which he was treated. Abdominal masses were discovered; however, the patient decompensated before workup was completed. A high-grade B-cell lymphoma was confirmed but would not have altered the outcome, making this a Goldman class II error. Conclusions The autopsy remains a relevant and necessary tool for physicians and society. It assists in the establishment of diagnoses, measurement of treatment quality, the providence of public health metrics, and closure to the survivors.

Thromboelastography Parameter and Its Association with Survival of COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

@#Introduction: Coagulopathy associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may cause life-threatening complications, especially in severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients. Thromboelastography (TEG) is an effective, dynamic, and reliable test to assess the complete coagulation process. This study aimed to determine the association between selected TEG parameters and survival in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study using data from medical records of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. There were 94 COVID-19 patients consisting of 76 survivors and 18 non-survivors. The association between TEG results and certain TEG parameters with survival status was considered significant if the p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: Increased coagulation activity had a significant association with the survival status of COVID-19 patients (p=0.04). There were no significant differences in all TEG parameters between COVID-19 patients who survived and those who did not survive (p > 0.05). Based on the TEG analysis tree, the most TEG results found were secondary fibrinolysis (21.3%) and fibrinolytic shutdown (24.5%). No significant association was found between the coagulability and fibrinolysis abnormality with the survival status in COVID-19 patients (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in TEG results between COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors. However, based on the TEG result, an increase in coagulation activity is associated with a lower survival rate. Further study with detailed timing of TEG examination, disease severity and comorbidities stratification in COVID-19 patients may be needed.

D-Dimer trend in a long-term rheumatoid arthritis patient with tofacitinib treatment and recent COVID-19 infection

The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first identified in December 2019, the infection was named COVID-19. The initial symptoms and evolution of the disease have been described over the past year. The virus has been shown to increase the risk of thromboembolic events due to the hypercoagulable state triggered by systemic endothelial inflammation. We present the case of a patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis under prolonged treatment with tofacitinib, who presented COVID-19 and subsequently developed a hypercoagulable state of approximately 6 months' duration. The possible association between viral infection and the use of tofacitinib is debated.

El virus SARS-CoV-2 se identificó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019; la infección se denominó COVID-19. Los síntomas iniciales y la evolución de la enfermedad se han descrito durante el último anno. Se ha demostrado que el virus aumenta el riesgo de eventos trom-boembólicos debido al estado de hipercoagulabilidad desencadenado por la inflamación endotelial sistêmica. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con antecedente de artritis reuma-toide en tratamiento prolongado con tofacitinib, que presentó COVID-19 y posteriormente desarrolló un estado de hipercoagulabilidad de aproximadamente seis meses de duración. Se debate la posible asociación entre la infección viral y el uso de tofacitinib.

Acute coronary syndrome: case report in a young patient.

Objetive : To describe the probable cause of acute myocardial coronary syndrome in a young patient with no medical history and an adequate lifestyle. A retrospective study was carried out, a clinical case of a young patient withMethod: no history and with an adequate lifestyle who was followed up for 2 years from 2020 to 2022 in cardiology and hematology outpatient Rclinics for hypercoagulability and genetic studies. Genetic studies,Results : hypercoagulability and immunological studies were negative. Possibly, over time, the patient will show aConclusion: more florid symptomatology that could be associated with an immunological pathology such as SLE that explains the cause or has more resources, which will allow the pertinent study to be carried out to demonstrate the presence of genetic mutations related to thrombophilia

Concomitant acute lower extremity arterial and deep vein thrombosis developing in a patient under anticoagulant therapy after COVID 19 infection / Trombosis arterial aguda y trombosis venosa profunda concomitantes de extremidad inferior en un paciente bajo terapia anticoagulante después de infección por COVID 19

Abstract The hypercoagulable state continues after the Coronavirus 2019 (Covid 19) infection and prophylactic anticoagulants are recommended in this period. However, arterial and venous thromboembolic events can be observed during the convalescence period after the Covid 19. Here, we present the case of acute lower extremity arterial and venous thromboembolism developed in the post-Covid 19 period in a 77-years-old patient, under therapeutic doses of anticoagulant therapy (enoxparin 1mg/kg of weight every 12 hours). The patient, who had no previous history of arterial or venous thrombosis, was taken to emergency surgery with the diagnosis of ALI (acute limb ischemia) due to acute arterial thrombosis. An arterial thrombectomy was performed with the help of a 4F Fogarty catheter inserted from the left femoral artery under local anesthesia. All distal pulses of the patient were palpable in the postoperative period. After the platelet count became >100,000 mm3, 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid daily was added to the therapeutic dose of enoxaparin sodium treatment. The patient was discharged, uneventfully, except for a minimal diameter increase secondary to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) on the fifth postoperative day, with a combination of enoxaparin and acetylsalicylic acid treatment. Endothelial injury, chronic immuno-thrombogenicity, and increased platelet aggregation in the post-Covid 19 recovery period can cause major thrombotic events, even weeks after the recovery. Anticoagulant therapy is recommended for thromboprophylaxis when the following statuses exist: ≥65 years, critical illness, cancer, prior VTE, thrombophilia, severe immobility, and elevated D- dimer. Combination treatment with long-term antiaggregant therapy may be prudent in thromboembolic events developed under anticoagulant therapy.

Resumen El estado de hipercoagulabilidad continúa después de la infección por Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) y la anticoagulación profiláctica se recomienda durante este período. Sin embargo, eventos tromboembólicos arteriales y venosos se pueden observar durante el período de convalecencia posterior al Covid-19. Se presenta el caso de trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) y arterial agudas de una extremidad inferior en una paciente de 77 años, bajo terapia anticoagulante (enoxparin 1mg/kg de peso, cada 12 horas), en el período post- Covid 19. La paciente, sin historia previa de trombosis arterial ni venosa, fue llevada a cirugía de emergencia con el diagnóstico de isquemia aguda de extremidades por trombosis arterial aguda. Se le realizó trombectomía arterial con la ayuda de un catéter Fogarty 4F insertado desde la arteria femoral izquierda bajo anestesia local. Todos los pulsos distales del paciente fueron palpables en el periodo postoperatorio. Después de que las plaquetas llegaron a ser mayores a100.000 mm3, 100 mg de ácido acetilsalicílico diarios se añadieron a la dosis terapéutica del tratamiento con enoxaparina sódica. La paciente fue dada de alta sin incidencias, excepto por un mínimo aumento de diámetro secundario a la TVP, al quinto día postoperatorio con la combinación de enoxaparina y ácido acetilsalicílico. La lesión endotelial, la inmunotrombogenicidad crónica y la agregación plaquetaria aumentada en el período de recuperación posterior a Covid-19 pueden causar eventos trombóticos importantes incluso semanas después de la recuperación. La combinación con terapia antiagregante a largo plazo puede ser prudente en los casos de eventos tromboembólicos desarrollados en pacientes con terapia anticoagulante.

Pathological findings in COVID-19: A conventional autopsy-based study from India

Background & objectives: Autopsy study has been considered the gold standard method for studying the effects of any disease on the body. Since COVID-19 is a novel disease, autopsy is crucial to understand its pathophysiology. This study was conducted to analyze the microscopic and macroscopic findings of various organs in COVID-19 and to associate those findings with clinical observations and laboratory findings. Methods: Conventional invasive autopsies were performed on 33 patients with COVID-19 from September 7, 2020 to December 23, 2020. All the organs were removed by routine dissection techniques and preserved in 10 per cent formalin. The tissues were processed and stained according to standard practices using haematoxylin-eosin (H & E) and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain. Results: The study included 28 males and 5 females with a median age of 61 yr (range 30-90 yr). Massive pulmonary oedema and thrombi in the lungs were the characteristic features macroscopically. On microscopic examination, diffuse alveolar damage in the exudative/proliferative phase was found in 29 (87.88%) cases. Among the other notable microscopic findings were bronchopneumonia and lung abscesses due to secondary bacterial infection (n=17, 51.52%), acute tubular injury (n=21, 63.64%) and thrombi in the lungs, heart, and kidneys. Interpretation & conclusions: COVID-19 primarily affected the respiratory and the renal systems in the vast majority of severely affected patients in our study. We also found signs of hypercoagulability, as evidenced by widespread thrombi in multiple organs, along with a raised d-dimer level and a hyperinflammatory state manifested by elevated inflammatory markers. Our autopsy findings and altered laboratory investigations support

Características tromboelastográficas en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2: reporte de casos / Thromboelastographic characteristics in patients with SARS-CoV-2: case report / Características tromboelatográficas em pacientes com SARS-CoV-2: relatos de casos

Resumen: La frecuencia de eventos tromboembólicos de pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus es alta, sin embargo aún se desconoce cuál es la manera adecuada de identificar a las personas con mayor riesgo de complicaciones trombóticas y definir quiénes pueden beneficiarse de un tratamiento más agresivo, más allá de la tromboprofilaxis estándar. Una gran proporción de pacientes en estado crítico con coronavirus tienen perfil de tromboelastografía hipercoagulable con daño relacionado a fibrinógeno y a la función plaquetaria, la mayoría de pacientes tiene una máxima amplitud elevada en la tromboelastografía. Se hizo una revisión de tromboelastogramas de 11 pacientes en estado crítico por SARS-CoV-2 para caracterizar su estado de coagulación. Se encontró 36.36% de hipercoagulabilidad en la tromboelastografía principalmente con citrato nativo a pesar del tratamiento con heparina de bajo peso molecular a dosis terapéutica. El perfil predominante hipercoagulable no se asoció a la función plaquetaria, ya que la MA (máxima amplitud) se mantuvo dentro de los límites normales.

Abstract: The frequency of thromboembolic events in patients with coronavirus disease is high, however it is still unknown what is the appropriate way to identify people at higher risk of thrombotic complications and define who can benefit from a more aggressive treatment, beyond the standard thromboprophylaxis. A large proportion of critically ill patients with coronavirus have a hypercoagulable thromboelastography profile with damage related to fibrinogen and platelet function; most patients have a high maximum amplitude on thromboelastography. A review of thromboelastograms of 11 critically ill patients due to SARS-CoV-2 was made to characterize their coagulation status. A 36.36% hypercoagulability was found in thromboelastography, mainly with native citrate, despite treatment with low molecular weight heparin at therapeutic doses. The predominant hypercoagulable profile was not associated with platelet function since the MA (maximum amplitude) remained within normal limits.

Resumo: A frequência de eventos tromboembólicos em pacientes com doença por coronavírus é alta, no entanto, ainda não se sabe qual é a forma adequada de identificar as pessoas com maior risco de complicações trombóticas e definir quem pode se beneficiar de um tratamento mais agressivo, além da tromboprofilaxia padrão. Uma grande proporção de pacientes críticos com coronavírus apresenta um perfil de tromboelastografia hipercoagulável com danos relacionados ao fibrinogênio e função plaquetária, a maioria dos pacientes apresentam uma amplitude máxima elevada na tromboelastografia. Foi feita uma revisão de tromboelastogramas de 11 pacientes en estado crítico devido a SARS-CoV-2 para caracterizar seu estado de coagulação. Encontrou-se hipercoagulabilidade de 36.36% na tromboelastografia, principalmente com citrato nativo, apesar do tratamento com heparina de baixo peso molecular em dose terapêutica. O perfil predominantemente hipercoagulável não foi associado à função plaquetária, uma vez que a AM (amplitude máxima) permaneceu dentro dos limites da normalidade.

Trombosis múltiple con presentacion inusual. reporte de caso / Multiple thrombosis with unusual presentation. case report

RESUMEN: Presentamos el caso clínico de un varón de 58 años de edad, con trombosis por déficit de Proteína C y S, tras descartar proceso secundario, inmunológico y oncológico.

ABSTRACT: We present the clinical case of a 58-year-old man with protein C and S deficiency thrombosis, after ruling out secondary, immunological and oncological processes.

Ischemic stroke in 455 COVID-19 patients

ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that COVID-19 can be associated with ischemic stroke (COVID-stroke). The frequency and pathogenesis of COVID-stroke, however, remains largely unknown. This narrative review aimed at summarizing and discussing current knowledge about frequency and pathogenesis of COVID-stroke in 455 patients collected from the literature. COVID-stroke occurs in all age groups and predominantly in males. The anterior circulation is more frequently affected than the posterior circulation. COVID-stroke is most frequently embolic. The severity of COVID-stroke ranges from NIHSS 3 to 32. Cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent in patients with COVID-stroke. COVID-stroke occurs simultaneously with the onset of pulmonary manifestations or up to 40 days later. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are most frequently mild or even absent. The majority of patients with COVID-stroke achieve complete or partial recovery, but in one-quarter of patients, the outcome is fatal. In conclusion, the frequency of ischemic stroke has not increased since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. COVID-stroke predominantly affects males and the anterior circulation. COVID-stroke is multifactorial but predominantly embolic and more frequently attributable to cardiovascular risk factors than to coagulopathy.

Leucemia promielocítica aguda y trombosis. Presentación de un caso / Acute promyelocytic leukemia and thrombosis. Presentation of a case

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha comprobado que el riesgo de trombosis en pacientes con enfermedades oncohematológicas es elevado. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 51 años de edad, con diagnóstico de leucemia promielocítica, recibió tratamiento de inducción con trióxido de arsénico y ya alcanzada la remisión morfológica de la leucemia, y sin antecedentes personales ni familiares de eventos trombóticos, presentó una trombosis venosa profunda del miembro inferior izquierdo, se trató con heparina de bajo peso molecular y warfarina. Conclusiones: El paciente evolutivamente tuvo una evolución favorable del evento trombótico y se alcanzó la remisión completa hematológica, citogenética y molecular con una adecuada calidad de vida que permitió su reinserción a su vida personal, familiar y social(AU)

Introduction: In recent years it has been proven that the risk of thrombosis in patients with oncohematological diseases has increased. Case presentation: A 51-year-old male patient, diagnosed with Promyelocytic Leukemia, received induction treatment with arsenic trioxide and the morphological remission of the leukemia had already been achieved and with no personal or family history of thrombotic events, presented a deep vein thrombosis of the left lower limb. He was treated with low molecular weight heparin and warfarin. Conclusions: The patient progressively had a favorable evolution of the thrombotic event and complete hematological, cytogenetic and molecular remission was achieved with an adequate quality of life that allowed his reinsertion into his personal, family and social life(AU)

Vasculopatía Livedoide, la punta del témpano: a propósito de un caso / Livedoid vasculopathy, the tip of the iceberg: a case report

Resumen La vasculopatía livedoide (VL), es una enfermedad vascular oclusiva que afecta la microvasculatura, se caracteriza por ser recurrente y no inflamatoria. Su incidencia es de 1/100.000 casos por habitantes, afectando en su mayoría a mujeres de edad media. Su patogenia se desconoce, pero se destaca el componente trombótico de la misma, causado por un estado de hipercoagulabilidad, que conduce a la oclusión vascular, debiendo distinguirse una forma primaria y una secundaria.Clínicamente se observan úlceras dolorosas a nivel maleolar que evolucionan progresivamente a una cicatrización atrófica, blanquecina nacarada y estrellada característica.Presentamos un caso clínico en un varón con múltiples comorbilidades y difícil tratamiento, el cual requirió un trabajo multidisciplinario.

Abstract Livedoid vascular disease (VL), is an occlusive vascular disease that affects the microvasculature, is characterized by being recurrent and non-inflammatory. Its incidence is 1 / 100,000 cases per inhabitant, affecting mostly middle-aged women. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but its thrombotic component stands out, caused by a state of hypercoagulability, which leads to vascular occlusion, and a primary and secondary form must be distinguished. Clinically, painful ulcers are observed at the malleolar level, progressing progressively to characteristic atrophic, pearly whitish and starry healing. We present a clinical case in a male with multiple comorbidities and difficult management, which required multidisciplinary work.

Venous sinus thrombosis during COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: a case report

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although it is known that the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has affected the whole world, mainly targets the respiratory tract, cases of this disease with a wide clinical spectrum are emerging as information is shared. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a pregnant woman who was diagnosed with venous sinus thrombosis after she developed headache and hemiparesis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity lasted for two weeks after COVID-19 had been diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with suspected COVID-19, especially in the presence of causes of hypercoagu- lability and presence of atypical features, venous sinus thrombosis needs to be kept in mind in making the differential diagnosis.

Should COVID-19 be branded to viral thrombotic fever?

Coronaviruses can cause a diverse array of clinical manifestations, from fever with symptoms of the common cold to highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus discovered in Hubei province, China, at the end of 2019, became known worldwide for causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Over one year's time period, the scientific community has produced a large bulk of knowledge about this disease and countless reports about its immune-pathological aspects. This knowledge, including data obtained in postmortem studies, points unequivocally to a hypercoagulability state. However, the name COVID-19 tells us very little about the true meaning of the disease. Our proposal is more comprehensive; it intends to frame COVID-19 in more clinical terminology, making an analogy to viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF). Thus, we found irrefutable evidence in the current literature that COVID-19 is the first viral disease that can be branded as a viral thrombotic fever. This manuscript points out that SARS-CoV-2 goes far beyond pneumonia or SARS. COVID-19 infections promote remarkable interactions among the endothelium, coagulation, and immune response, building up a background capable of promoting a "thrombotic storm," much more than a "cytokine storm." The importance of a viral protease called main protease (Mpro) is highlighted as a critical component for its replication in the host cell. A deeper analysis of this protease and its importance on the coagulation system is also discussed for the first time, mainly because of its similarity with the thrombin and factor Xa molecules, as recently pointed out by structural comparison crystallographic structures.

Clinical and Imaging Features of Acute Cerebral Infarction in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Trousseau Syndrome / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Acute cerebral infarction is a form of Trousseau syndrome (TS), but is relatively rare and often overlooked by clinicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, laboratory and imaging features of acute cerebral infarction in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with TS.@*METHODS@#Clinical data, laboratory examination and imaging data of 25 NSCLC patients with TS presented with acute cerebral infarction were collected retrospectively for analysis.@*RESULTS@#Of the 25 patients, 18 males and 7 females, aged 39-78 years old, including 22 cases of adenocarcinoma, 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 case of large cell carcinoma; all patients had clinical symptoms and signs of acute cerebral infarction; plasma D-dimer was significantly increased, and prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were shortened to varying degrees; all patients showed acute multiple cerebral infarction foci involving multiple intracranial arterial blood supply areas on plain head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence], the blood supply vessel lumen corresponding to the infarction foci did not show moderate to severe stenosis on the head MR angiography (MRA).@*CONCLUSIONS@#NSCLC with multiple acute cerebral infarctions is a rare manifestation of TS, which is characterized by multiple acute cerebral infarctions involving multiple arterial blood supply areas with significant hypercoagulability. Improving the early understanding of this disease can provide some help for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Clinical value of thromboelastogram in evaluating blood coagulation function for patients with COVID-19 / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the clinical value of thromboelastogram (TEG) in monitoring coagulation function in patients with COVID-19. 【Methods】 Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in our hospital from January 20 to March 1, 2020 were enrolled and divided into mild group (mild type, common type) and severe group (severe type, critical group). The TEG, platelet count and routine blood coagulation function were compared between the two groups to analyze the coagulation characteristics of the patients. 【Results】 A total of 66 cases were studied, including severe (n=33) and mild (n=33), male(n=39)and female(n=27), hypertension (n=9) and diabetes mellitus (n=11) cases. 28 (84.8%) severe and 24 (72.7%) mild patients had at least one hypercoagulable TEG parameter. K value of TEG in the severe group was lower than that in the mild group (P<0.05), Angel and CI increased (P<0.05). The fibrinogen (Fib) and D-dimer increased in routine coagulation function test (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Patients with COVID-19 showed hypercoagulability in TEG parameter, which was related to the severity of this disease. TEG may be more valuable for COVID-19 patients with hypercoagulable status and thrombosis risk, and help to develop anticoagulation strategies.

Internal carotid artery thrombosis in COVID 19 / Trombosis de arteria carótida interna en COVID 19

Abstract Case description: 37-year-old female with PCR-RT swab for COVID-19 positive, with neurological manifestation as a result of internal carotid artery occlusion. Clinical findings: Nasal congestion and sneezing of 5 days duration; pulsatile headache in the left hemicranium 3 days prior to admission, with intensity 6/10 according to the visual analogue scale, accompanied by phosphenes, photophobia and diplopia; with subsequent developing right hemiparesis over a 26-hour period. Treatment and result: She was given medical management with oral antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants (subcutaneous and oral) during his hospitalization, it was not possible to perform thrombolysis and thrombectomy due to the high risk of complications. He was discharged at 14 days, without functional limitation, symmetrical strength in upper and lower limbs, bilateral visual acuity 20/20, denying headache. Clinical relevance: The case presented here describes a pattern in how data supporting an association between COVID-19 and stroke in young populations with or without typical vascular risk factors, sometimes with only mild respiratory symptoms, is increasing. Prospective studies are required to further evaluate this association, as well as anticoagulation studies to prevent these potentially life-threatening events.

Resumen Descripción del caso: Mujer de 37 años con hisopado PCR-RT para COVID-19 positivo, con manifestación neurológica por oclusión de la arteria carótida interna. Hallazgos clínicos: Congestión nasal y estornudos de 5 días de duración; cefalea pulsátil en hemicráneo izquierdo 3 días antes del ingreso, con intensidad 6/10 según la escala visual analógica, acompañada de fosfenos, fotofobia y diplopía; con posterior desarrollo de hemiparesia derecha durante un período de 26 horas. Tratamiento y resultado: Se le brindó manejo médico con antiagregantes plaquetarios orales y anticoagulantes (subcutáneos y orales) durante su internación, no fue posible realizar trombólisis y trombectomía por alto riesgo de complicaciones. Fue dado de alta a los 14 días, sin limitación funcional, fuerza simétrica en miembros superiores e inferiores, agudeza visual bilateral 20/20, negando cefalea. Relevancia clínica: Se describe un patrón que indica cómo están aumentando los datos que apoyan una asociación entre COVID-19 y el accidente cerebrovascular en poblaciones jóvenes con o sin factores de riesgo vascular típicos, a veces con solo síntomas respiratorios leves. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para evaluar más a fondo esta asociación, así como estudios de anticoagulación para prevenir estos eventos potencialmente mortales.

Thromboelastography-based assessment of coagulation function in patients with chronic kidney disease and the risk factors of hypercoagulability / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the changes in the coagulation profiles of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) using thromboelastography (TEG) and identify the risk factors of hypercoagulation in CKD patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 128 patients with CKD admitted in Hunan Provincial People's Hospital between August, 2018 and May, 2019 were recruited. The results of conventional coagulation test and TEG were compared between patients with CKD and 21 healthy control adults. The patients with CKD were divided into hypercoagulation group with a maximum amplitude (MA) > 68 mm (=66) and non-hypercoagulation group (MA≤68 mm, =62). The laboratory indicators were compared between the groups, and the factors affecting the hypercoagulable state in patients with CKD were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The levels of fibrinogen and D-Dimer increased significantly in patients with CKD at different stages as compared with the control subjects ( < 0.05). In the patients with CKD, the reaction time and K time decreased while MA, α-angle and coagulation index increased significantly in patients in stage 3-4 and those in stage 5 either with or without hemodialysis compared with the control group ( < 0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), percentage of patients with diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, percentage of neutrophils, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, platelet count, serum creatinine, serum cystatin-C, serum albumin, and lipoprotein (a) all differed significantly between hypercoagulation group and non-hypercoagulation group ( < 0.05). The eGFR, platelet count and hemoglobin levels were identified as independent factors affecting hypercoagulability in patients with CKD ( < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#s The hypercoagulable state of patients with CKD worsens gradually with the disease progression, and eGFR, platelet count and hemoglobin levels are all risk factors for the hypercoagulable state in patients with CKD.

Smoking and stroke / 医学研究生学报

In the 1970s, the Framingham study found that smoking increased the risk of stroke. Subsequent laboratory and clinical studies have demonstrated that a variety of harmful components in tobacco can damage the vascular endothelium and interfere with the clotting mechanism, giving rise to atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability, which eventually leads to stroke. Furthermore, the harmful ingredients in tobacco may induce hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and other diseases, which indirectly increase the risk of stroke. However, there are still a lot of questions about the relationship between smoking and stroke. This paper will analyze the correlation between them and its mechanism, and discuss the influence of smoking cessation on the prognosis of stroke, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.